Iran National MuseumJournal of Iran National Museum2783-22283120250201Giant Cores and Large Flake Production at Dehtal: An Acheulean Site in the Northern Hinterland of Persian Gulf, IranGiant Cores and Large Flake Production at Dehtal: An Acheulean Site in the Northern Hinterland of Persian Gulf, Iran72418910.22034/jinm.2025.2058491.1104FASepehrZareiCultural Heritage, Tourism and Handicrafts Hormozgan Provincial Office0000-0002-5648-0678Journal Article20250421The Dehtal site in western Hormozgan Province, Iran, provides critical insights into Acheulean hominin behaviour during the Lower-Middle Pleistocene, and highlights the importance of the Persian Gulf’s northern coastal and hinterland areas for tracing Pleistocene human populations and their associated Acheulean technocomplex. Situated on an alluvial plain near the Persian Gulf, this ~400-hectares site has yielded a significant Acheulean lithic assemblage, including giant cores (with flake scars exceeding 50 cm), large flakes, and Large Cutting Tools (LCTs) such as handaxes, cleavers, and massive scrapers. These finds confirm large-scale flake production and tool manufacturing, reinforcing the region’s role in Pleistocene hominin dispersals. The presence of giant cores and associated large flakes suggests systematic raw material exploitation, while the tool assemblage aligns with broader Acheulean technocomplex traditions. This paper demonstrates that studying this techno-complex provides a unique opportunity to enhance our understanding of Acheulean industries used by Lower Paleolithic hominins, as well as the role of accessible raw material sources and seasonal water availability (springs and streams) in attracting early hominin populations during the Lower-Middle Pleistocene, and underscores Dehtal’s importance for understanding Acheulean adaptations in a previously understudied region of the Iranian Plateau.The Dehtal site in western Hormozgan Province, Iran, provides critical insights into Acheulean hominin behaviour during the Lower-Middle Pleistocene, and highlights the importance of the Persian Gulf’s northern coastal and hinterland areas for tracing Pleistocene human populations and their associated Acheulean technocomplex. Situated on an alluvial plain near the Persian Gulf, this ~400-hectares site has yielded a significant Acheulean lithic assemblage, including giant cores (with flake scars exceeding 50 cm), large flakes, and Large Cutting Tools (LCTs) such as handaxes, cleavers, and massive scrapers. These finds confirm large-scale flake production and tool manufacturing, reinforcing the region’s role in Pleistocene hominin dispersals. The presence of giant cores and associated large flakes suggests systematic raw material exploitation, while the tool assemblage aligns with broader Acheulean technocomplex traditions. This paper demonstrates that studying this techno-complex provides a unique opportunity to enhance our understanding of Acheulean industries used by Lower Paleolithic hominins, as well as the role of accessible raw material sources and seasonal water availability (springs and streams) in attracting early hominin populations during the Lower-Middle Pleistocene, and underscores Dehtal’s importance for understanding Acheulean adaptations in a previously understudied region of the Iranian Plateau.http://jinm.irannationalmuseum.ir/article_724189_4ae4fdb44cc28bc1a40175f1cf852113.pdfIran National MuseumJournal of Iran National Museum2783-22283120250201Animal Biodiversity during the Late Pleistocene and Early Holocene in the Zagros Mountains: Evidence from the Wezmeh CaveAnimal Biodiversity during the Late Pleistocene and Early Holocene in the Zagros Mountains: Evidence from the Wezmeh Cave72075610.22034/jinm.2025.2051838.1097FAHosseinDavoudiBioarchaeology Laboratory, Central Laboratory, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran0000-0002-5236-1444MarjanMashkourBioArch, BioArchéologie, Interactions Sociétés Environnements. UMR7209, Centre National de Recherche Scientifique, / Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, Paris, FranceBioarchaeology Laboratory, Central Laboratory, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran0000-0003-3630-9459FereidounBiglariPaleolithic Department, National Museum of Iran, Tehran, Iran0000-0001-7086-3037Journal Article20250127This study presents the faunal remains from the Late Pleistocene and Holocene periods, recovered during the 2019 excavation of Wezmeh Cave near Kermanshah. The findings contribute to a deeper understanding of past biodiversity in the Zagros Mountains. This karstic cavity appears to have served as a favorable place for various animals, particularly carnivores. The osteological remains of a wide range of taxa have been identified. Among the carnivores are hyenas, bears, large felids, wolves, and foxes, while herbivore remains include deer, wild boars, equids, rhinoceroses, as well as both wild and domestic sheep, goats, and cattle. The faunal spectrum at Wezmeh Cave is not limited to large and medium-sized mammals; numerous small mammals such as hares, weasels, and porcupines, along with various microvertebrates, are also present. These species either inhabited the cave or were brought there by natural or anthropogenic agents. Preliminary archaeozoological and taphonomic analyses indicate a complex ecological dynamic among species across different temporal phases. The archaeological significance of Wezmeh Cave is underscored by evidence of continuous or repeated occupation since at least 70,000 years ago, offering valuable insights into environmental and faunal changes from the Late Pleistocene through the Early Holocene and beyond. The diversity and richness of this fossil assemblage are unparalleled on the Iranian Plateau and rank among the most significant in Western Asia. This study also complements earlier research that identified the remains of both a Neanderthal child and an Early Neolithic herder-farmer within the cave.This study presents the faunal remains from the Late Pleistocene and Holocene periods, recovered during the 2019 excavation of Wezmeh Cave near Kermanshah. The findings contribute to a deeper understanding of past biodiversity in the Zagros Mountains. This karstic cavity appears to have served as a favorable place for various animals, particularly carnivores. The osteological remains of a wide range of taxa have been identified. Among the carnivores are hyenas, bears, large felids, wolves, and foxes, while herbivore remains include deer, wild boars, equids, rhinoceroses, as well as both wild and domestic sheep, goats, and cattle. The faunal spectrum at Wezmeh Cave is not limited to large and medium-sized mammals; numerous small mammals such as hares, weasels, and porcupines, along with various microvertebrates, are also present. These species either inhabited the cave or were brought there by natural or anthropogenic agents. Preliminary archaeozoological and taphonomic analyses indicate a complex ecological dynamic among species across different temporal phases. The archaeological significance of Wezmeh Cave is underscored by evidence of continuous or repeated occupation since at least 70,000 years ago, offering valuable insights into environmental and faunal changes from the Late Pleistocene through the Early Holocene and beyond. The diversity and richness of this fossil assemblage are unparalleled on the Iranian Plateau and rank among the most significant in Western Asia. This study also complements earlier research that identified the remains of both a Neanderthal child and an Early Neolithic herder-farmer within the cave.http://jinm.irannationalmuseum.ir/article_720756_e9a092be83a1306faffb5651b3754710.pdfIran National MuseumJournal of Iran National Museum2783-22283120250201Human remains from Zard-e Sahel, Kashan, IranHuman remains from Zard-e Sahel, Kashan, Iran72418810.22034/jinm.2025.2053754.1102FAArkadiuszSołtysiakFaculty of Archaeology, University of Warsaw0000-0002-9040-5022Journal Article20250218During the archaeological survey around Kashan, an assemblage of lithics was found at Zard-e Sahel together with many human and a few animal bone fragments. Based on the lithic typology, it was tentatively dated to the Late Neolithic. Most human remains were cremated at a relatively consistent high temperature and represented several adult and non-adult individuals. Although the assemblage was exposed on the soil surface and affected by various taphonomic agents, some traces of the red ochre were still visible on the surface of three elements. The frequencies of retrieved elements were somewhat different than at a nearby contemporary site of Tepe Sialk, likely due to the fragmentary character of the assemblage from Zard-e Sahel. Although cremation was not popular in the Near East, this burial custom was relatively more popular during the Neolithic than in the later periods.During the archaeological survey around Kashan, an assemblage of lithics was found at Zard-e Sahel together with many human and a few animal bone fragments. Based on the lithic typology, it was tentatively dated to the Late Neolithic. Most human remains were cremated at a relatively consistent high temperature and represented several adult and non-adult individuals. Although the assemblage was exposed on the soil surface and affected by various taphonomic agents, some traces of the red ochre were still visible on the surface of three elements. The frequencies of retrieved elements were somewhat different than at a nearby contemporary site of Tepe Sialk, likely due to the fragmentary character of the assemblage from Zard-e Sahel. Although cremation was not popular in the Near East, this burial custom was relatively more popular during the Neolithic than in the later periods.http://jinm.irannationalmuseum.ir/article_724188_5e6e32ea040d53e2c9eb490575283290.pdfIran National MuseumJournal of Iran National Museum2783-22283120250201A Door Sealing from Tape Jameh Shuran Sofla,
the Mahidasht Plain, Western Central ZagrosA Door Sealing from Tape Jameh Shuran Sofla,
the Mahidasht Plain, Western Central Zagros72061510.22034/jinm.2023.2006998.1075FAAliKhayaniDepartment of archaeology, Faculty of Humanities, University of Tehran0000-0003-2617-4765SaharAbdolahiUniversity of Mazandaran
Department of ArchaeologyJournal Article20230715Tape Jameh Shuran Sofla (JSS) is known in Iranian archaeology as a significant Iron Age site in western Central Zagros. The site was excavated by L. Levine in 1978 as part of the “Mahidasht Project” of the Royal Ontario Museum (ROM), but its report has never been fully published. While working on a corpus of clay sealings from the Chogha Maran archive of the Mahidasht Project in the National Museum of Iran (NMI), we came across two objects with the findspot number 468: a silver coin, and a clay sealing with a stamp seal impression depicting two quadrupeds. The number refers to the site of Jameh Shuran in the Mahidasht Project survey system. This paper studies the style, iconography and function of the clay sealing. The JSS sealing – which was identified as a door sealing - is dated to the LC 3-4 and is attributed to the mid-Fourth Millennium BC developments of the Central Zagros before the establishment of the Godin VI: I administrative institution. The glyptic connection between the Central Zagros, Susiana, northern Mesopotamia, and the west Central Iranian Plateau reflected in the imagery of the JSS seal impression, supports the intensification of interactions and the movement of people, goods, and ideas in the region during the LC, especially along the Khorasan High Road.Tape Jameh Shuran Sofla (JSS) is known in Iranian archaeology as a significant Iron Age site in western Central Zagros. The site was excavated by L. Levine in 1978 as part of the “Mahidasht Project” of the Royal Ontario Museum (ROM), but its report has never been fully published. While working on a corpus of clay sealings from the Chogha Maran archive of the Mahidasht Project in the National Museum of Iran (NMI), we came across two objects with the findspot number 468: a silver coin, and a clay sealing with a stamp seal impression depicting two quadrupeds. The number refers to the site of Jameh Shuran in the Mahidasht Project survey system. This paper studies the style, iconography and function of the clay sealing. The JSS sealing – which was identified as a door sealing - is dated to the LC 3-4 and is attributed to the mid-Fourth Millennium BC developments of the Central Zagros before the establishment of the Godin VI: I administrative institution. The glyptic connection between the Central Zagros, Susiana, northern Mesopotamia, and the west Central Iranian Plateau reflected in the imagery of the JSS seal impression, supports the intensification of interactions and the movement of people, goods, and ideas in the region during the LC, especially along the Khorasan High Road.http://jinm.irannationalmuseum.ir/article_720615_fb8c06e3465509e04d59144af695dc6e.pdfIran National MuseumJournal of Iran National Museum2783-22283120250201Tol-e Khaki: Tracing the Footsteps of a Chalcolithic Community in the highlands of Fars Province, Southern Zagros Mountains, IranTol-e Khaki: Tracing the Footsteps of a Chalcolithic Community in the highlands of Fars Province, Southern Zagros Mountains, Iran72063010.22034/jinm.2024.2016568.1080FASamanHamzavi ZarghaniDepartment of Early Prehistory and Quaternary Ecology, University of Tübingen, Germany0009-0008-2461-3924CyrusBarfiResearch base of the historical city of Bishapur, Fars0009-0001-7427-2290SamiraJafariIndependent ResearcherMohsenZeidiSenckenberg Centre for Human Evolution and Palaeoenvironment at University of Tübingen, Germany0000-0002-4718-9555Journal Article20231127In this brief paper, we present a recently discovered Bakun site called Tol-e Khaki, located in the highlands of Fars Province. The site was discovered during an archaeological survey conducted in Sarchehan County, located in the northeast of Fars Province. The ceramics found on the surface of the site represent deposits from various cultures dating from the late Neolithic period onwards. The presence of numerous Chalcolithic painted black-on-buff ceramics scattered across the site indicates that Tol-e Khaki was primarily occupied during the Chalcolithic Bakun period. The significance of this isolated site lies in its location at the end of a small, enclosed narrow valley near a water source on the foothills of high mountains, providing access to pastures and other resources. These features draw attention to the possible nomadic nature of this settlement. This area falls within the territory of the current nomadic summer pastures, where nomads set up their tents near and around Tol-e Khaki. By placing this site in the wider context of the distribution of Chalcolithic sites known as Bakun in Fars Province and beyond, we propose that Tol-e Khaki could have been a nomadic settlement.<br /> In this brief paper, we present a recently discovered Bakun site called Tol-e Khaki, located in the highlands of Fars Province. The site was discovered during an archaeological survey conducted in Sarchehan County, located in the northeast of Fars Province. The ceramics found on the surface of the site represent deposits from various cultures dating from the late Neolithic period onwards. The presence of numerous Chalcolithic painted black-on-buff ceramics scattered across the site indicates that Tol-e Khaki was primarily occupied during the Chalcolithic Bakun period. The significance of this isolated site lies in its location at the end of a small, enclosed narrow valley near a water source on the foothills of high mountains, providing access to pastures and other resources. These features draw attention to the possible nomadic nature of this settlement. This area falls within the territory of the current nomadic summer pastures, where nomads set up their tents near and around Tol-e Khaki. By placing this site in the wider context of the distribution of Chalcolithic sites known as Bakun in Fars Province and beyond, we propose that Tol-e Khaki could have been a nomadic settlement.<br /> http://jinm.irannationalmuseum.ir/article_720630_5b86b2a58344f68e7911cccb4258fc2a.pdfIran National MuseumJournal of Iran National Museum2783-22283120250201Agricultural Practices in Proto-Elamite Susa: An Analysis of Proto-Elamite Tablets at Iran National Museum (MDP 26)Agricultural Practices in Proto-Elamite Susa: An Analysis of Proto-Elamite Tablets at Iran National Museum (MDP 26)72117610.22034/jinm.2025.2053185.1100FARouhollahYousefi ZoshkDepartment of Archaeology, Isalamic Azad University of Pishva, Varamin, Iran0000-0002-0703-4153HassanAfshari SalakiPh.D. Candidate of Prehistoric Archaeology, Tehran UniversityDonyaEtemadifarPh.D. Candidate of Prehistoric Archaeology, Islamic Azad university of Science and Research0000-0003-4229-816XJournal Article20250211The Proto-Elamite period at Susa (circa 3100–2900 BCE) marks a pivotal phase in the early development of the pre-state communities in southwest Iran. During this period, the Susa emerged as a major center, playing a crucial role in the region’s economic, political, and social activities. One of the defining features of Proto-Elamite society is the use of clay tablets, one of the earliest known writing systems of the ancient world. Although the tablets remain largely undeciphered, numerous texts have survived, offering a glimpse into the administrative and economic functions of the time. A substantial portion of these Proto-Elamite texts are economic records, many of which are believed to be related to the management of agricultural resources and activities. Agriculture and animal husbandry were the backbone of the Proto-Elamite economy, sustaining the population and providing the surplus necessary for trade, tribute, and the growth of complex centers like Susa. The organization of agricultural labor, the cultivation of crops, and the bookkeeping of stores filled with crops are recurring themes in the surviving tablets, making them invaluable sources for understanding the agricultural practices during the Proto-Elamite period at Susa. This article focuses on analyzing Proto-Elamite tablets from Susa that exist at Iran National Museum (MDP.26) and many of them specifically deal with agricultural topics. The authors will inspect sign M56 and attached signs to the topic of agriculture activities and then will examine the types of crops referenced in these texts, and the organizational structure of agricultural labor. Moreover, the article will explore how these tablets reflect the integration of agriculture within the broader economic and social framework of Proto-Elamite society, including the role of the pre-state in regulating and organizing agricultural production.The Proto-Elamite period at Susa (circa 3100–2900 BCE) marks a pivotal phase in the early development of the pre-state communities in southwest Iran. During this period, the Susa emerged as a major center, playing a crucial role in the region’s economic, political, and social activities. One of the defining features of Proto-Elamite society is the use of clay tablets, one of the earliest known writing systems of the ancient world. Although the tablets remain largely undeciphered, numerous texts have survived, offering a glimpse into the administrative and economic functions of the time. A substantial portion of these Proto-Elamite texts are economic records, many of which are believed to be related to the management of agricultural resources and activities. Agriculture and animal husbandry were the backbone of the Proto-Elamite economy, sustaining the population and providing the surplus necessary for trade, tribute, and the growth of complex centers like Susa. The organization of agricultural labor, the cultivation of crops, and the bookkeeping of stores filled with crops are recurring themes in the surviving tablets, making them invaluable sources for understanding the agricultural practices during the Proto-Elamite period at Susa. This article focuses on analyzing Proto-Elamite tablets from Susa that exist at Iran National Museum (MDP.26) and many of them specifically deal with agricultural topics. The authors will inspect sign M56 and attached signs to the topic of agriculture activities and then will examine the types of crops referenced in these texts, and the organizational structure of agricultural labor. Moreover, the article will explore how these tablets reflect the integration of agriculture within the broader economic and social framework of Proto-Elamite society, including the role of the pre-state in regulating and organizing agricultural production.http://jinm.irannationalmuseum.ir/article_721176_4f0117b03c510d9d7dd590f594916510.pdfIran National MuseumJournal of Iran National Museum2783-22283120250201An Inscription of Hammurapi in the National Museum of IranAn Inscription of Hammurapi in the National Museum of Iran72061010.22034/jinm.2024.2009594.1077FAParsaDaneshmandWolfson College, University of OxfordJournal Article20230819This paper presents an edition of a recently discovered cuneiform tablet, currently housed at the National Museum of Iran. The tablet focuses on the reconstruction of the temple of Ebabbar following the capture of Larsa by Hammurapi. Despite its unclear archaeological origins, the tablet was confiscated by Iranian authorities and exhibited alongside ancient artifacts donated by Iranian families. The content of this text was previously known to Assyriologists through a Sumerian text and a fragmentary Akkadian version. This newfound tablet offers the most comprehensive and perfectly intact Akkadian version of the text. The precise date of the tablet cannot be definitively ascertained. Nevertheless, it is established that Hammurapi conquered Larsa during his 31st year of rule, offering a rough timeframe for the inscription.<br /><strong> </strong>This paper presents an edition of a recently discovered cuneiform tablet, currently housed at the National Museum of Iran. The tablet focuses on the reconstruction of the temple of Ebabbar following the capture of Larsa by Hammurapi. Despite its unclear archaeological origins, the tablet was confiscated by Iranian authorities and exhibited alongside ancient artifacts donated by Iranian families. The content of this text was previously known to Assyriologists through a Sumerian text and a fragmentary Akkadian version. This newfound tablet offers the most comprehensive and perfectly intact Akkadian version of the text. The precise date of the tablet cannot be definitively ascertained. Nevertheless, it is established that Hammurapi conquered Larsa during his 31st year of rule, offering a rough timeframe for the inscription.<br /><strong> </strong>http://jinm.irannationalmuseum.ir/article_720610_29604992bc307cfae46ac3d2831e6205.pdfIran National MuseumJournal of Iran National Museum2783-22283120250201From Hanni to Kidin-Hutran the son of Kurluš: a new look into the Arjān bowlFrom Hanni to Kidin-Hutran the son of Kurluš: a new look into the Arjān bowl72064710.22034/jinm.2024.560266.1058FAKiumarsAlizadehDepartment of Ancient Near Eastern Studies, Freie Universit&auml;t BerlinJournal Article20220815In the autumn of 1982, a Neo-Elamite tomb, later identified as the “Arjān tomb,” was accidentally discovered during road construction near the Mārun dam in Behbahān, Iran. This tomb, located approximately 10 km north of modern Behbahān, yielded significant archaeological materials, including the Arjān bowl. This paper focuses on the scenes depicted in the second register of the Arjān bowl, a subject of ongoing research. Recent investigations have revealed the presence of a previously unnoticed sacrifice event within this register. Additionally, this study explores the connections between the sacrifice ceremony depicted on the Arjān bowl and the Elamite rock reliefs at Kul-e Farah, with particular emphasis on that of Hanni. The findings suggest a cultural and ceremonial link, evidenced by the portrayal of acrobats and musicians accompanying the sacrifice on the bowl, thereby enhancing our understanding of Neo-Elamite ceremonial practices.In the autumn of 1982, a Neo-Elamite tomb, later identified as the “Arjān tomb,” was accidentally discovered during road construction near the Mārun dam in Behbahān, Iran. This tomb, located approximately 10 km north of modern Behbahān, yielded significant archaeological materials, including the Arjān bowl. This paper focuses on the scenes depicted in the second register of the Arjān bowl, a subject of ongoing research. Recent investigations have revealed the presence of a previously unnoticed sacrifice event within this register. Additionally, this study explores the connections between the sacrifice ceremony depicted on the Arjān bowl and the Elamite rock reliefs at Kul-e Farah, with particular emphasis on that of Hanni. The findings suggest a cultural and ceremonial link, evidenced by the portrayal of acrobats and musicians accompanying the sacrifice on the bowl, thereby enhancing our understanding of Neo-Elamite ceremonial practices.http://jinm.irannationalmuseum.ir/article_720647_6fa3a71d52e12fa86c9180a9d4fe7924.pdfIran National MuseumJournal of Iran National Museum2783-22283120250201Tacara- and *tacarana-:
Palatial terminology in a new exemplar of A2Sde and in the Persepolis Fortification archiveTacara- and *tacarana-:
Palatial terminology in a new exemplar of A2Sde and in the Persepolis Fortification archive72062910.22034/jinm.2024.2037233.1092FAWouterHenkelmanÉcole Pratique des Hautes Études, 4e section; ParisJournal Article20240731Presented in the paper is a new exemplar of the Elamite version of A<sup>2</sup>Sd, a known Achaemenid trilingual inscription made in the name of Artaxerxes II in Susa. Special attention is given to the occurrence of the word tacara and its possible interpretations. In connection with this, editions of three Elamite texts from the Persepolis Fortification archive are presented that provide new attestations of the term and a possible cognate, <sup>*</sup>tacarana-.Presented in the paper is a new exemplar of the Elamite version of A<sup>2</sup>Sd, a known Achaemenid trilingual inscription made in the name of Artaxerxes II in Susa. Special attention is given to the occurrence of the word tacara and its possible interpretations. In connection with this, editions of three Elamite texts from the Persepolis Fortification archive are presented that provide new attestations of the term and a possible cognate, <sup>*</sup>tacarana-.http://jinm.irannationalmuseum.ir/article_720629_0b2d6cb315c1a33673063b8d7873396d.pdfIran National MuseumJournal of Iran National Museum2783-22283120250201The Newfound Footprints of a Discrete Decoration Type on the Column Capitals at Persepolis: An OutlineThe Newfound Footprints of a Discrete Decoration Type on the Column Capitals at Persepolis: An Outline72065210.22034/jinm.2024.560820.1060FAFahimehHomayounPersepolis World heritage siteSiroosZarePersepolis World Heritage SiteYounesZarepersepolis world Heritage SiteHamidFadaeiPersepolis World Heritage SiteJournal Article20220825Diverse techniques were evoked to embellish the rock reliefs at Persepolis. A specific feature on the column capitals at this complex entails a sort of decoration that today we can only hazard a guess about it based on a series of disparate holes. Holes were commonly used on the reliefs for measuring and copying the motifs, and attaching additional embellishments. Yet, this paper focused on the function of a certain type of drilled slanting, shallow double holes in small diameter that occur all over the tripartite column capitals at Persepolis. The paper concluded that the holes in question were possibly used to hang uncertain lightweight ornamentations.Diverse techniques were evoked to embellish the rock reliefs at Persepolis. A specific feature on the column capitals at this complex entails a sort of decoration that today we can only hazard a guess about it based on a series of disparate holes. Holes were commonly used on the reliefs for measuring and copying the motifs, and attaching additional embellishments. Yet, this paper focused on the function of a certain type of drilled slanting, shallow double holes in small diameter that occur all over the tripartite column capitals at Persepolis. The paper concluded that the holes in question were possibly used to hang uncertain lightweight ornamentations.http://jinm.irannationalmuseum.ir/article_720652_eeee60d8d97797343f757846c5e1e85f.pdfIran National MuseumJournal of Iran National Museum2783-22283120250201A Review of Coin Finds From Ernst Herzfeld's Excavations at Persepolis
in the National Museum of IranA Review of Coin Finds From Ernst Herzfeld's Excavations at Persepolis
in the National Museum of Iran72065010.22034/jinm.2024.2020756.1081FAZahraAlinezhadپژوهشگر آزاد0000-0003-3170-7028Journal Article20240119The following paper aims to review coins uncovered during Ernst Herzfeld’s excavations, and present a short report on their current condition in the National Museum of Iran. These coins include two collections. The first collection consists of the coins in the Apadana foundation deposit (IGCH 1789), while the second was found below the Terrace of Persepolis and belongs to the Fratarakas (IGCH 1797). This article has been organized into two parts. The first part deals with the background of the discovery of the coins, presenting a short history of Herzfeld’s activities in Iran. The second part features, a catalogue of the coins including their technical data (dimensions, weight, and die axis), identification and images of the coins (photos of the reverse of the Croeseids, nos. 8 and 11 are published for the first time), and comparable objects for certain types have been presented in two bilingual (Persian and English) tables. The following paper aims to review coins uncovered during Ernst Herzfeld’s excavations, and present a short report on their current condition in the National Museum of Iran. These coins include two collections. The first collection consists of the coins in the Apadana foundation deposit (IGCH 1789), while the second was found below the Terrace of Persepolis and belongs to the Fratarakas (IGCH 1797). This article has been organized into two parts. The first part deals with the background of the discovery of the coins, presenting a short history of Herzfeld’s activities in Iran. The second part features, a catalogue of the coins including their technical data (dimensions, weight, and die axis), identification and images of the coins (photos of the reverse of the Croeseids, nos. 8 and 11 are published for the first time), and comparable objects for certain types have been presented in two bilingual (Persian and English) tables. http://jinm.irannationalmuseum.ir/article_720650_f387a545bb0dc291bea9c7764e7068d9.pdfIran National MuseumJournal of Iran National Museum2783-22283120250201Aegyptiaca of Achaemenid Persia:
re-examination of the documentation from IranAegyptiaca of Achaemenid Persia:
re-examination of the documentation from Iran25291010.22034/jinm.2022.252910FASepidehQaheriCollège de France – EPHE, PSL AOrOc UMR 8546, ParisJournal Article20210511This following paper presents the important results from a recent publication on the Egyptian style objects found in Achaemenid sites in Iran (in Persika 20, 2020). The new data provided by the recent publication has brought new insight on our knowledge of the Egyptian presence in Achaemenid Persia. The archaeological material that has been studied belongs mainly to a royal context, and demonstrates the appropriation of certain Egyptian traditions in the conception of Persian palatial culture. The documentation discussed confirms the participation of various Egyptian specialists in the court life of Persian kings, but also in the architectural development of their royal buildings. Ultimately, this research reveals the activities and long-lasting settlements of some Egyptian communities in the centre of the Persian Empire. This following paper presents the important results from a recent publication on the Egyptian style objects found in Achaemenid sites in Iran (in Persika 20, 2020). The new data provided by the recent publication has brought new insight on our knowledge of the Egyptian presence in Achaemenid Persia. The archaeological material that has been studied belongs mainly to a royal context, and demonstrates the appropriation of certain Egyptian traditions in the conception of Persian palatial culture. The documentation discussed confirms the participation of various Egyptian specialists in the court life of Persian kings, but also in the architectural development of their royal buildings. Ultimately, this research reveals the activities and long-lasting settlements of some Egyptian communities in the centre of the Persian Empire. http://jinm.irannationalmuseum.ir/article_252910_a732afac4354e7069612af8af136518e.pdfIran National MuseumJournal of Iran National Museum2783-22283120250201Paleopathological assessment of the ancient Iranian salt mummies #1, #7 and #X, Chehrābād salt mine of Douzlākh, IranPaleopathological assessment of the ancient Iranian salt mummies #1, #7 and #X, Chehrābād salt mine of Douzlākh, Iran72059910.22034/jinm.2023.544674.1050FALenaOhrstromInstitute of Evolutionary Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Zurich, SwitzerlandNataschaBagherpour KashaniRuhr Universität Bochum, Institut für Archäologische Wissenschaften, Bochum, Germany and Deutsches Bergbau-Museum Bochum, Research Department & Mining Archaeology Research BranchRogerSeileraInstitute of Evolutionary Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Zurich, SwitzerlandBeataBodeInstitute of Pathology and Molecular Pathology, University Hospital Zurich, SwitzerlandAbolfazlAaliArchaeological Museum of Zanjān, Emaarate Zolfaghari, Zanjān, IranSaraKhalifeh SoltaniGraduate Medical Sciences Department, Boston UniversityShapourShiraniDepartment of Radiology, Tehran Heart Center, IranGabrielaRuß-PopaAustrian Academy of Sciences, Austrian Archaeological Institute, Archaeological Sciences, Hollandstraße 11-13, 1020 Vienna, AustriaThomasStöllnerRuhr Universität Bochum, Institut für Archäologische Wissenschaften, Bochum, Germany and Deutsches Bergbau-Museum Bochum, Research Department & Mining Archaeology Research BranchFrankRühliInstitute of Evolutionary Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Zurich, SwitzerlandJournal Article20220121A paleopathological assessment of the ancient human remains from the Salt mine of Douzlakh, which are kept in the National museum in Tehran, Iran. The ancient human remains were investigated by Computed Tomography (CT) as well as by histology. Molecular analyses are still ongoing. The analyses showed that the tissues have been very well conserved in the natural salt. Traumatic lesions can be identified by CT, as a result of the massive force which was put on the individuals during the collapses of the mine. <br />A paleopathological assessment of the ancient human remains from the Salt mine of Douzlakh, which are kept in the National museum in Tehran, Iran. The ancient human remains were investigated by Computed Tomography (CT) as well as by histology. Molecular analyses are still ongoing. The analyses showed that the tissues have been very well conserved in the natural salt. Traumatic lesions can be identified by CT, as a result of the massive force which was put on the individuals during the collapses of the mine.A paleopathological assessment of the ancient human remains from the Salt mine of Douzlakh, which are kept in the National museum in Tehran, Iran. The ancient human remains were investigated by Computed Tomography (CT) as well as by histology. Molecular analyses are still ongoing. The analyses showed that the tissues have been very well conserved in the natural salt. Traumatic lesions can be identified by CT, as a result of the massive force which was put on the individuals during the collapses of the mine. <br />A paleopathological assessment of the ancient human remains from the Salt mine of Douzlakh, which are kept in the National museum in Tehran, Iran. The ancient human remains were investigated by Computed Tomography (CT) as well as by histology. Molecular analyses are still ongoing. The analyses showed that the tissues have been very well conserved in the natural salt. Traumatic lesions can be identified by CT, as a result of the massive force which was put on the individuals during the collapses of the mine.http://jinm.irannationalmuseum.ir/article_720599_3f29f618f36a33911dc34e6306e8ca70.pdfIran National MuseumJournal of Iran National Museum2783-22283120250201The Origin of Cobalt: A Review of Blue Glazed Ceramics in Iran and China
from the 12th to the 17th Centuries CEThe Origin of Cobalt: A Review of Blue Glazed Ceramics in Iran and China
from the 12th to the 17th Centuries CE72090510.22034/jinm.2025.2052935.1098FAAliAarabDepartment of Archaeology and Anthropology, University of Chinese Academy of SciencesLeilaKhamooshiIran National MuseumBaharehSalimian RiziDepartment of Archaeology, Art University of IsfahanAliShojaee EsfahaniDepartment of Archaeology, Art University of IsfahanYiminYangDepartment of Archaeology and Anthropology, University of Chinese Academy of SciencesJournal Article20250208The exploitation of cobalt mines for the use of its blue colorant in vitreous materials dates back to the second millennium BCE in Egypt and Iran. For this reason, cobalt mines in Iran hold significant value for studying the blue color of glazed ceramics. Evidence suggests that these Iranian cobalt mines were also important for Chinese potters. In this research, portable X-ray fluorescence analysis (p-XRF) was conducted on Mina’i ware, Lajvardina tiles, and blue and white ceramics from both Iran and China. The results further corroborate what scholars have previously suggested, revealing that during the Ming Dynasty (1365-1644 CE), locally sourced cobalt with a distinctive high manganese content was used in China. However, the cobalt used for the blue glazes in Iran dating from the 12th to 17th centuries CE was determined to have been obtained from at least two different mines. One of the key mines is likely Qamsar in Kashan, which has been mentioned in Persian texts regarding its cobalt. The second mine proposed in this research is the Takht-e Soleyman mine, which has a chemical composition aligns with that of the blue glazes predating the Ming dynasty in China. Additionally, its name corresponds to “Soleymani stone” in Persian texts and “Su-ma-li-qin” in old Chinese texts. Notably, the Takht-e Soleyman cobalt mine is located along the main Silk Road, making its trade with China more straightforward than that of other Iranian cobalt mines. This study suggests, for the first time, that the Takht-e Soleyman mine should be considered a potential source of traded cobalt in China and played a role in the initial introduction of Chinese potters to Iranian cobalt. Although p-XRF is a surface analysis tool with limitations in accurately determining differences in cobalt sources, this study provides new insights into cobalt trade and the interaction between Iranian and Chinese potters.The exploitation of cobalt mines for the use of its blue colorant in vitreous materials dates back to the second millennium BCE in Egypt and Iran. For this reason, cobalt mines in Iran hold significant value for studying the blue color of glazed ceramics. Evidence suggests that these Iranian cobalt mines were also important for Chinese potters. In this research, portable X-ray fluorescence analysis (p-XRF) was conducted on Mina’i ware, Lajvardina tiles, and blue and white ceramics from both Iran and China. The results further corroborate what scholars have previously suggested, revealing that during the Ming Dynasty (1365-1644 CE), locally sourced cobalt with a distinctive high manganese content was used in China. However, the cobalt used for the blue glazes in Iran dating from the 12th to 17th centuries CE was determined to have been obtained from at least two different mines. One of the key mines is likely Qamsar in Kashan, which has been mentioned in Persian texts regarding its cobalt. The second mine proposed in this research is the Takht-e Soleyman mine, which has a chemical composition aligns with that of the blue glazes predating the Ming dynasty in China. Additionally, its name corresponds to “Soleymani stone” in Persian texts and “Su-ma-li-qin” in old Chinese texts. Notably, the Takht-e Soleyman cobalt mine is located along the main Silk Road, making its trade with China more straightforward than that of other Iranian cobalt mines. This study suggests, for the first time, that the Takht-e Soleyman mine should be considered a potential source of traded cobalt in China and played a role in the initial introduction of Chinese potters to Iranian cobalt. Although p-XRF is a surface analysis tool with limitations in accurately determining differences in cobalt sources, this study provides new insights into cobalt trade and the interaction between Iranian and Chinese potters.http://jinm.irannationalmuseum.ir/article_720905_4c24831e1a1af2f60ea74fb60b8fb5f1.pdfIran National MuseumJournal of Iran National Museum2783-22283120250201An Analysis of the Arms and Armor of the Battle Scene titled “the battle of Yerevan” (National Museum of Iran)An Analysis of the Arms and Armor of the Battle Scene titled “the battle of Yerevan” (National Museum of Iran)72084310.22034/jinm.2023.2007276.1076FAManouchehrMoshtagh KhorasaniFrankfurt School of Finance and Management; ISM (International School of Management) Frankfurt, Germany, Leadership Studies0000-0002-7663-1963Andrej VladimirovichGromovSenior researcherJournal Article20230718The National Museum of Iran keeps a large painting with an impressive size showing a battle of Fath Ali Shāh Qajar with the Russian troops. The date of origin and also the name of the artist are unknown. It is currently wrongly titled “the Battle of Ganja” in the National Museum of Iran. However, based on the depictions of arms and armor carried by the Russian troops and also the lack of any European-style arms and armor and uniforms worn by Persian troops, this painting should depict “the battle of Yerevan” (June 1804 CE) and not the battle of Ganja (1826 CE). There are different reasons for this hypothesis. After the arrival of Jaubert and General Gardane on the Gardane Mission (1807–09 CE), a number of military reforms were initiated in Persia. These reforms not only included standardization of issued military swords and weapons but also the introduction of Europeanized unforms. The effects of these reforms are not depicted in this painting as Persian troops are still using their traditional arms and armor and also wearing their traditional attire. Therefore, the painting should refer to an earlier time such as 1804 CE. Further, the painting shows Fath Ali Shāh being involved in the battle scene, which is also an indication of an earlier date as he used to inspect his troops in Soltāniyeh in 1804 CE. It seems that was the only time he actively took part in a military engagement. Additionally, the Russian officers in this painting are wearing cocked hats and the infantry soldiers are wearing typical grenadier (or fusilier) caps of the period of 1804 CE. Further future research needs to be done on this painting to analyze the inconsistencies of the depictions of Russian uniforms as they are shown in the painting.The National Museum of Iran keeps a large painting with an impressive size showing a battle of Fath Ali Shāh Qajar with the Russian troops. The date of origin and also the name of the artist are unknown. It is currently wrongly titled “the Battle of Ganja” in the National Museum of Iran. However, based on the depictions of arms and armor carried by the Russian troops and also the lack of any European-style arms and armor and uniforms worn by Persian troops, this painting should depict “the battle of Yerevan” (June 1804 CE) and not the battle of Ganja (1826 CE). There are different reasons for this hypothesis. After the arrival of Jaubert and General Gardane on the Gardane Mission (1807–09 CE), a number of military reforms were initiated in Persia. These reforms not only included standardization of issued military swords and weapons but also the introduction of Europeanized unforms. The effects of these reforms are not depicted in this painting as Persian troops are still using their traditional arms and armor and also wearing their traditional attire. Therefore, the painting should refer to an earlier time such as 1804 CE. Further, the painting shows Fath Ali Shāh being involved in the battle scene, which is also an indication of an earlier date as he used to inspect his troops in Soltāniyeh in 1804 CE. It seems that was the only time he actively took part in a military engagement. Additionally, the Russian officers in this painting are wearing cocked hats and the infantry soldiers are wearing typical grenadier (or fusilier) caps of the period of 1804 CE. Further future research needs to be done on this painting to analyze the inconsistencies of the depictions of Russian uniforms as they are shown in the painting.http://jinm.irannationalmuseum.ir/article_720843_75dae2903e722ba0e57c97d73362692c.pdfIran National MuseumJournal of Iran National Museum2783-22283120250201Seismic Risk Mitigation of Art Objects in MuseumsSeismic Risk Mitigation of Art Objects in Museums72060910.22034/jinm.2024.2015581.1079FAAliTarmighGraduate Studies Institute, Fatih Sultan Mehmet Vakıf University, Istanbul . Türkiye0000-0002-7458-055XJournal Article20231115Cultural achievements, such as art, architecture, and historical artifacts, represent the collective efforts of various civilizations and ethnic groups throughout history. These achievements are preserved and displayed in museums, where they symbolize and communicate cultural values and historical knowledge. Museums face multiple threats, including the risk of natural disasters like earthquakes, which not only damage museum infrastructure but also jeopardize the safety of exhibits and stored artifacts.<br />Protecting a nation’s cultural heritage within museum settings requires targeted measures to mitigate earthquake-induced risks. To assess the seismic vulnerability of museum artifacts, they can be modeled as rigid bodies, with their seismic response analyzed similarly to rigid block dynamics, a well-established method in structural engineering. By understanding the dynamic behavior of museum objects and integrating earthquake protection strategies into museum crisis management, it is possible to limit the seismic response of these objects, reducing the risk of damage both to the artifacts and surrounding exhibits.<br />This paper introduces methods to enhance the earthquake resistance of museum artifacts, enabling them to remain safely on public display while minimizing potential damage during seismic events.Cultural achievements, such as art, architecture, and historical artifacts, represent the collective efforts of various civilizations and ethnic groups throughout history. These achievements are preserved and displayed in museums, where they symbolize and communicate cultural values and historical knowledge. Museums face multiple threats, including the risk of natural disasters like earthquakes, which not only damage museum infrastructure but also jeopardize the safety of exhibits and stored artifacts.<br />Protecting a nation’s cultural heritage within museum settings requires targeted measures to mitigate earthquake-induced risks. To assess the seismic vulnerability of museum artifacts, they can be modeled as rigid bodies, with their seismic response analyzed similarly to rigid block dynamics, a well-established method in structural engineering. By understanding the dynamic behavior of museum objects and integrating earthquake protection strategies into museum crisis management, it is possible to limit the seismic response of these objects, reducing the risk of damage both to the artifacts and surrounding exhibits.<br />This paper introduces methods to enhance the earthquake resistance of museum artifacts, enabling them to remain safely on public display while minimizing potential damage during seismic events.http://jinm.irannationalmuseum.ir/article_720609_58168b1ffb72d20a2a9fd1feb52abbad.pdfIran National MuseumJournal of Iran National Museum2783-22283120250201Museum and the sublime (Based on Kantian sublime)Museum and the sublime (Based on Kantian sublime)72062710.22034/jinm.2024.553360.1054FANaghmehHosein QazviniNational Museum of Iran guideJournal Article20220508Why do historical objects invoke feelings of thrill for some, but remain soulless for others? This indescribable feeling has been less addressed in the literature. In the present article, Kant’s concept of sublime has been used to describe the state of the audience. The Sublime is stimulated in the form of movement through a large object in our minds. It challenges the limits of the power of imagination, and makes us aware of our supernatural destiny which in Kant’s brief definition: is a feeling that is closely linked to a moral talent similar to morality.<br />Some historical objects can arouse the imagination of the audience, to describe the sublime in the museum. Thus, the man tries to use his imagination to reflect on the past of the objects, people, or societies that have created them and thus, vanished. This action leads to transcendence from the sensory criteria and awareness of their supernatural destiny. Accordingly, the conscious use of this feeling in a museum can lead to the formulation of new policies, to attract the audience and educate on the ethics of society.Why do historical objects invoke feelings of thrill for some, but remain soulless for others? This indescribable feeling has been less addressed in the literature. In the present article, Kant’s concept of sublime has been used to describe the state of the audience. The Sublime is stimulated in the form of movement through a large object in our minds. It challenges the limits of the power of imagination, and makes us aware of our supernatural destiny which in Kant’s brief definition: is a feeling that is closely linked to a moral talent similar to morality.<br />Some historical objects can arouse the imagination of the audience, to describe the sublime in the museum. Thus, the man tries to use his imagination to reflect on the past of the objects, people, or societies that have created them and thus, vanished. This action leads to transcendence from the sensory criteria and awareness of their supernatural destiny. Accordingly, the conscious use of this feeling in a museum can lead to the formulation of new policies, to attract the audience and educate on the ethics of society.http://jinm.irannationalmuseum.ir/article_720627_f0dd4d85739d5646a8d804694fff08bf.pdf